JUNE 2022 | The Surgical Technologist | 267 high accuracy in the replication of anatomical structures, although there were differences in dimensional measurement between the original CT and the 3D model [178]. On the other hand, literature about the use of gallbladder 3D models is still scarce; indeed, it is only known that prototypes from this organ are similar and could satisfy the surgical planning [179]. In the case of pancreatic neoplasms, some case series in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and mucinous neoplasm have published its utility facilitating a more detailed and comprehensive anatomy as well as a clear and direct way for preoperative planning and surgical training [19, 172, 180]. However, there is lack of evidence of the use of this innovative tool in pancreatitis and its complications. Nevertheless, recent studies have extrapolated this 3DP with bioprinting for generation of artificial pancreatic islets, which findings are promising for future treatment for some diseases as type 1 diabetes mellitus [181, 182]. In regard to the patient education, studies stated that 3D-printed hepatobiliary organs reassured the patients giving them approximately a 25% chance of improving in their understanding about anatomy, physiology, tumor characteristics, and the procedure itself, as well as a better sense for the decisions taken for their treatment as well as the surgical risks [166, 172]. Some of the disadvantages of this innovative tool are the time taken for its creation and the cost; indeed, each model has a cost that ranges from 400 USD to 1000 USD, which are factors that have to be taken into account [170]. However, the benefits that this technology gives us are extremely useful for surgeons, residents, and patients, especially in complex cases, hence, as happened with other technological tools, and this one is expected to be widely accessible for several institutions and adopted by more surgeons in their everyday practice in the near future [165, 183]. 3.4. Genitourinary System 3.4.1. Reproductive. 3DP has in recent years become novel and useful tool in the field of obstetrics and gynecology for the preoperative diagnosis and planning of complex female (a) (b) (c) Figure 6: Four aspects of 3D print MSG with portal venous variations. (a)–(c) Shows the different anatomical variations of the portal vein in relation to the medial segmental graft. 3D: three-dimensional; MSG: medial segment graft; P4: portal vein to the medial segment [184]. Used with permission from Elsevier. 11 BioMed Research International
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